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Zhang, S. (2005)Risk Aggregation for Capital Requirements Using the Copula Techniquehere

Introduction (partial)

"In order to determine the appropriate amount of capital for an organization, risks must be aggregated appropriately to reflect the non-normality of individual risks and nonlinear dependence among risks, particularly in the tails of risk distributions.


The Copula technique that aggregates risk components via a multi-uniform distribution has become the most significant new technique to handle these challenges. It allows us to exploit marginal distributions of individual risks at the first step, where non-normality of the risks is addressed, and provides us a comprehensive modelling tool that can reflect the dependence in a very flexible way in the second step."


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